2019年7月新闻热词汇总，下面是中国日报网给大家的分享，一起来看看。
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7月，北上广等城市实施国六排放标准；北京也开始推行垃圾强制分类；支付宝刷脸支付应网友要求推出美颜功能；良渚古城遗址入选联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录；教育部表示将进一步推动来华留学生与中国学生的管理和服务趋同化；《长安十二时辰》热播带火西安取景地旅游；本月起，我国高校不再招收第二学士学位生。
国六排放标准 China VI vehicle emission standards
Sales and registrations of new vehicles in regions including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei province and Guangdong province now have to comply with the "China VI" vehicle emission standards, which is believed to be one of the world's strictest rules on automobile pollutants.北京、上海、天津、河北、广东等地区销售和登记注册的新车都需符合国六排放标准，该标准被认为是全世界最严格的机动车污染物排放标准之一。
【知识点】
国六排放标准（China VI vehicle emission standards）全称为“国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准（China's stage 6 vehicle emission standards）”，分为对轻型车以及重型柴油车两类标准，全称分别为《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）（Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles）》，以及重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）（Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles）》。由环境保护部、国家质检总局分别于2016年12月23日、2018年6月22日发布。其中，轻型汽车（light-duty vehicles）指包括轻型汽油车（light-duty gasoline vehicles）、轻型燃气车（light-duty natural gas vehicles）、轻型柴油车（light-duty diesel vehicles）和轻型两用燃料汽车（light-duty dual-fuel vehicles）。轻型车国六标准采用分步实施的方式，设置国六a和国六b两个排放限值方案，分别于2020年和2023年实施。
自2019年7月1日起，北京市重型燃气车（heavy-duty natural gas vehicles）以及公交和环卫重型柴油车（heavy-duty diesel buses and cleaning vehicles）执行国六b排放标准；自2020年1月1日起，轻型汽油车（light-duty gasoline vehicles）和重型柴油车（heavy-duty diesel vehicles）执行国六b排放标准。
According to official data, emissions from some 6.21 million vehicles were responsible for 45 percent of Beijing's concentration of small, breathable particles known as PM2.5, a key indicator of air pollution.官方数据显示，目前北京市机动车保有量近621万辆，从北京市新一轮的细颗粒物（PM2.5）来源解析看，本地排放贡献中移动源污染占比最大，达45%。
相比国五标准，轻型车国六b标准限值加严了40%至50%；增加了实际道路行驶排放控制要求（real-world driving emission requirements）；蒸发排放控制要求更加严格(evaporative emission-control requirements），排放限值降低了65%，需安装车载加油油气回收系统（OR VR），对加油过程的油气排放进行控制（refueling emission control）；同时增加了排放质保期的要求，低温排放试验一氧化碳（CO）和碳氢（HC）限值（low-temperature testing requirement and emission limits for CO and THC）加严1/3，并引入了严格的车载诊断系统（on-board diagnostics）控制要求。
重型车国六b标准与国五标准相比，大幅加严了污染物排放限值，氮氧化物（NOx）加严了77%，颗粒物（Particle Matter）加严了67%，新增颗粒物个数（particulate number）和氨（ammonia）的限值，此外，提出更加严格的自动监控要求和排放油耗联合管控的要求。
2018年6月27日，国务院正式印发《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》，对积极调整运输结构（adjust transportation systems），发展绿色交通体系（advance green transport）等方面做出要求。其中提出：“2019年7月1日起，重点区域、珠三角地区、成渝地区提前实施国六排放标准。推广使用达到国六排放标准的燃气车辆。”
据统计，截至目前全国范围已有15个省、直辖市出台了国六排放标准提前实施的文件。
数据安全检查 data security checks
The four-stage campaign aims to finish data security checks on all telecom companies, 50 major internet companies and 200 popular applications by the end of October, according to an action plan released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.工信部发布的行动方案分为四个阶段，今年10月底前完成全部基础电信企业、50家重点互联网企业以及200款主流App数据安全检查。
【单词讲解：security和safety的区别】
Security强调的是免受来自外部或内部“蓄意或恶意”的伤害，采取必要的措施防止这样的伤害发生，确保国家、组织或个人正常运转，比如：national security（国家安全）、public security（公共安全），以及这里提到的data security（数据安全）。
Safety强调的是一个系统、组织或个人按照自己的机制正常运转的“稳定状态”。单位的“生产安全”是work safety，工厂里时常挂着的横幅上写的“安全第一”就是safety first。因为安全生产的所有保障措施都是为了让工厂的生产正常进行，避免发生工人意外受伤的事件。
“食品安全”在英语里有两个对应的表达，分别是food security和food safety。Food security强调的是确保人们都能得到维持健康生活所需要的粮食，主要跟粮食的供应和人们获取的渠道有关；而food safety强调的是确保人们吃进嘴里的食物在生产、存储和销售等环节都符合卫生健康标准。
方案明确了本次专项行动的目标，即通过集中开展数据安全合规性评估（data security and compliance assessment）、专项治理和监督检查（targeted management and inspection），督促基础电信企业和重点互联网企业强化网络数据安全全流程管理，及时整改消除重大数据泄露、滥用等安全隐患（eliminate security risks including data leakage and data abuse）。
同时，基本建立行业网络数据安全保障体系（an industry data security protection mechanism）。
网络数据安全制度标准体系进一步完善，形成行业网络数据保护目录（data protection catalogs），制定15项以上行业网络数据安全标准规范（formulating security standards in more than 15 industries），贯标试点企业不少于20家；
行业网络数据安全管理和技术支撑平台基本建成，遴选网络数据安全技术能力创新示范项目不少于30个（select no less than 30 innovation demonstration projects in data security protection）；
基础电信企业和重点互联网企业网络数据安全管理体系有效建立（effectively build a security management system in telecom companies and internet firms）。
垃圾分类 garbage sorting
The Beijing urban management commission said on Wednesday that Beijing will follow Shanghai's suit on mandatory household garbage sorting, though in different garbage classification standards.北京市城管委3日表示，北京将跟上海一样实行垃圾强制分类，不过垃圾分类标准与上海不同。
【词汇讲解】
Follow suit是一个固定搭配的短语，表示“照着做；跟风”，这个短语来源于扑克牌游戏，suit指扑克牌四种花色里的任意一种，打牌的时候，如果一个人跟着前面的那个人出牌，人家出什么花色，他就跟着出什么花色，这个就叫follow suit，后来引申为“照着做”。
北京目前采取的垃圾分类方法为“四分法”，将垃圾分为有害垃圾、可回收物、厨余垃圾、其他垃圾。
●可回收物（recyclables，蓝色桶）：可循环利用的，报纸、镜子、饮料瓶、易拉罐、旧衣服、电子废弃物等，由再生资源企业回收利用，俗称“收破烂”。
●厨余垃圾（kitchen waste，绿色桶）：厨房产生的，如菜叶菜帮、剩饭剩菜、植物等。
●其他垃圾（other waste，灰色桶）：包括保鲜膜、塑料袋、纸巾、大骨头、玉米核等。
●有害垃圾（hazardous waste，红色桶）：对身体和环境有害的，如废灯管、水银温度计、过期药品、油漆、化妆品等，需用特殊方法安全处理。
需要特别注意的是，现在生产的1号、5号、7号等干电池是低汞或者无汞电池（low-mercury or mercury-free battery），所以就不属于有害垃圾了，应投入“其他垃圾”中。但纽扣电池（button cell）、电子产品用的锂电池（lithium battery）、电动车电瓶（electric-vehicle battery）等铅蓄电池和镍镉充电电池仍需作为“有害垃圾”进行回收。
支付宝美颜功能 beauty filters with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions
A poll ran by news portal Sina Technology showed that more than 60% of respondents think they look uglier through the next-gen payments method than on a regular camera. 新浪科技的一项调查显示，60%以上的用户表示刷脸支付时觉得自己丑，没有平时拍照好看。
对此，支付宝回应称，刷脸系统已经有美颜功能了。
On Tuesday, Alipay announced on social media platform Weibo that it has added beauty filters to its face-scanning system inside the app. Within a week, the feature will roll out across retail stores equipped with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions.7月2日，支付宝在微博上回应称，支付宝刷脸系统已加入美颜功能，一周内，全国门店的刷脸系统也会上线美颜功能。
【单词讲解】
Filter这个词可以用作动词或名词，基础的意思是“过滤；过滤器”，在智能手机和社交媒体领域则表示可以给照片额外添加各种效果和美化功能的“滤镜”，比如，cat filter（猫咪滤镜）、color correction filter（颜色修正滤镜）等。在搜索引擎中常用的“关键词过滤”则是keywords filter。
支付宝同时解释称，实际上机器识别的还是无美颜的容貌，美颜只是屏幕展示效果而已（the beauty filters are for the screen display only），因此对识别准确度和安全性没有影响（accuracy and security of the recognition process won't be compromised）。
如今，刷脸功能的应用越来越普遍，除了刷脸支付以外，乘坐高铁可以刷脸进站。
北京、上海、广州、郑州、太原、武汉、南昌、西安、长沙等地部分火车站已采用"刷脸"进站(face-scanning check-in)。这些车站的自动检票机(automatic fare-collection gate)上都安装了摄像头，旅客走近机器时，它会抓取旅客脸部信息(facial information)，与身份证芯片里的照片进行比对，票证信息相符(ticket information conforms to ID card information)、人脸与证件照比对通过，闸机自动放行。通常3至6秒便能成功通行，解放了人力也方便了旅客。"刷脸"进站采用人脸识别技术(facial recognition technology)，这是基于人的脸部特征(facial features)进行身份识别(identity recognition)的一种生物识别技术(biological recognition technology)。
良渚古城遗址 Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribed China's Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City on the World Heritage List as a cultural site on Saturday, bringing the total number of World Heritage Sites in China to 55, the highest in the world.7月6日，联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会将中国世界文化遗产提名项目“良渚古城遗址”列入《世界遗产名录》。至此，中国世界遗产总数达到55处，位居世界第一。
【单词讲解】
Inscribe这个词的本意是“雕、刻”，刻上去的文字一般会保留很长时间，所以这个词也有“写入、记录”之意，即to write, engrave, or print as a lasting record或者to enter on a list，常用的搭配除了上文中的inscribe something on something (as...)以外，还有inscribe something with...，比如：They inscribed the monument with the soldiers' names.（他们把战士们的名字刻在纪念碑上。）
联合国教科文组织官网对良渚古城遗址的介绍是这样的：
Located in the Yangtze River Basin on the south-eastern coast of the country, the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (about 3300-2300 BCE) reveal an early regional state with a unified belief system based on rice cultivation in Late Neolithic China. The property is composed of four areas – the Area of Yaoshan Site, the Area of High-dam at the Mouth of the Valley, the Area of Low-dam on the Plain and the Area of City Site. These ruins are an outstanding example of early urban civilization expressed in earthen monuments, urban planning, a water conservation system and a social hierarchy expressed in differentiated burials in cemeteries within the property.位于中国东南沿海长江三角洲的良渚古城遗址（约公元前3300-2300年）向人们展示了新石器时代晚期一个以稻作农业为支撑、具有统一信仰的早期区域性国家。该遗址由4个部分组成：瑶山遗址区、谷口高坝区、平原低坝区和城址区。通过大型土质建筑、城市规划、水利系统以及不同墓葬形式所体现的社会等级制度，这些遗址成为早期城市文明的杰出范例。
国际古迹遗址理事会（the International Council on Monuments and Sites ，ICOMOS）指出：
It is considered to be a supreme achievement of prehistoric rice-cultivating civilization of China and East Asia over 5,000 years ago and an outstanding example of early urban civilization.该遗址被视为5000多年前中国及东亚史前稻作文明的卓越成就，是早期城市文明的杰出范例。
以良渚古城为核心的良渚遗址是良渚文明的中心，遗存类型丰富，遗址格局完整，揭示了中华文明国家起源的基本特征，为中华五千多年文明史提供了最完整、最重要的考古学物证（the most concrete testimony of 5,000 years of Chinese civilization）。
英国知名考古学家科林·伦福儒（Colin Renfrew）曾在2013年和2017年两赴良渚古城遗址参观考察，对那里发掘的有5000年历史之久的玉器和大型水利工程遗迹印象深刻。他说：
The importance of findings from the Neolithic Age in China has been greatly underestimated. Cong and bi unearthed from the Liangzhu historical site represent a unity of values in the region. The complexity of society in Liangzhu was on par with that of a country. This is the origin of Chinese civilization.中国的新石器时代考古发现的重要性被严重低估了。在良渚遗址出土的琮和璧代表该地区统一的价值体系。良渚的社会复杂性相当于一个国家。这就是中华文明的起源。
Viewed from a global perspective, Liangzhu has brought the origin of the state and society in China to a level equal to that of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and India.从全球来看，良渚使中国国家和社会的起源达到与埃及、美索不达米亚以及印度文明相同的水平。
The historical site at the Liangzhu dam might be the earliest one in the world.良渚坝区遗址可能是世界上最早的。
素质教育 all-round education
《中共中央 国务院关于深化教育教学改革全面提高义务教育质量的意见》近日印发。
The guideline aims to develop an education system that will foster citizens with an all-round moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic grounding, in addition to a hard-working spirit, according to the document.意见旨在发展素质教育，培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。
要点包括：
坚持“五育”并举，全面发展素质教育
According to the guideline, compulsory education should emphasize the effectiveness of moral education with efforts on cultivating ideals and faith, core socialist values, China's fine traditional culture, ecological civilization and mental health.
要突出德育实效，大力开展理想信念、社会主义核心价值观、中华优秀传统文化、生态文明和心理健康教育。
The document stressed elevating intellectual grounding level to develop the cognitive ability and stimulate the sense of innovation of the students.提升智育水平。着力培养认知能力，促进思维发展，激发创新意识。
It also called for strengthening physical education, enhancing aesthetic training with more art curriculums and activities, and encouraging students to participate in more physical work to boost their hard-working spirit.强化体育锻炼，增强美育熏陶，设立艺术特色课程，加强劳动教育，充分发挥劳动综合育人功能。
强化课堂主阵地作用，切实提高课堂教学质量
Heuristic and interactive methods in teaching are encouraged to inspire students to think and ask questions.
注重启发式、互动式、探究式教学，引导学生主动思考、积极提问、自主探究。
More information technology should be integrated into school teaching, it said, specifically calling for more free and high-quality educational resources in rural and remote areas.促进信息技术与教育教学融合应用。免费为农村和边远贫困地区学校提供优质学习资源。
按照“四有好老师”标准，建设高素质专业化教师队伍
The guideline demands "high-quality and professional" teaching personnel, proposing more training to strengthen teachers' teaching fundamentals and work ethics, as well as improved salaries and benefits.
建设高素质专业化教师队伍，强化师德教育和教学基本功训练，不断提高教师待遇。
School principals are asked to shoulder more responsibilities and play better roles in improving education quality.校长是学校提高教育质量的第一责任人，提升校长实施素质教育能力。
深化关键领域改革，为提高教育质量创造条件
National curriculum schemes issued by the central authority should not be replaced by local and school- based curriculum, said the guideline.
严禁用地方课程、校本课程取代国家课程。
Exam-free access to nearby primary and secondary schools should cover all school-age children, and schools are encouraged to promote the well-rounded development of students, the guideline said.推进义务教育学校免试就近入学全覆盖。建立以发展素质教育为导向的科学评价体系。
The country will secure the fiscal investment for compulsory education and motivate schools with higher education quality to help ordinary schools to achieve balanced compulsory education, according to the guideline.保障义务教育财政经费投入，发挥优质学校示范辐射作用，完善强校带弱校等办学机制，促进新优质学校成长。
It also demands strengthened Party leadership over compulsory education reform and more guidance to parents for better family education.
推进义务教育改革，加强党的领导；重视家庭教育。
酒店布草 hotel linen
酒店床单、浴巾到底洗没洗过？有没有落实“一客一换”？近日，武汉首家绿色洗涤基地正式投入运营。据说可以解决这个问题。
Dubbed as Wuhan's first green washing base, all linen handled by the company, including sheets, towels, duvet covers, will be embedded with a thin, high-temperature resistant chip that enables a hotel to monitor its supplies, and allows hotel guests to access information about their laundry via a QR code.该基地被称为武汉首家绿色洗涤基地，在这里处理的床单、毛巾、被套等布草都将内置一个轻薄、耐高温的芯片，酒店可以通过芯片监控布草状态，客人可以通过一个二维码获取房间布草的洗涤信息。
【单词讲解】
布草（hotel linen）是宾馆酒店里床单（bed sheets）、被套（duvet covers）、毛巾（towels）等物品的统称。这里要简单说一下英语里关于“被子”的几个表达：quilt，comforter以及duvet。Quilt是指带绗缝的薄被(传统款式是至少其中一面是由很多布碎拼贴而成的图案)，比comforter/duvet要薄。Comforter/Duvet Insert就是中国人最熟悉的被芯(内层可以是棉、聚酯纤维、羽绒等等)，而comforter除了指被芯以外，还指那种在床品套装(Bedding Sets)里的厚被子，表面已经带有印花，是直接用的，不用再套被套，通常要洗的话是整张被子一起洗。Duvet Insert & Duvet Cover(被芯和被套)应该是小伙伴们最熟悉一种组合，duvet, duvet insert, comforter这几个单词很多时候可以互换，都表示“被芯”，但duvet和duvet insert一般特指纯白色的被芯，通常会配上对应大小的duvet cover（被套）一起使用。
武汉市发改委环资处相关负责人称，新型绿色洗涤设备洗一公斤布草只需7升水，一个员工8小时可洗涤布草1.6吨，该基地还配备有污水处理设备（wastewater treatment equipment），最大程度减少废水污染。
The water used for cleaning will be tap water that has been purified, which is said to make the washed materials softer and more skin-friendly.洗涤用的水也是对自来水进行二次净化之后的软水，据称，使用软水洗涤的布草会更加柔软亲肤。
事实孤儿 de facto orphan
Jointly issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Supreme People's Court and 10 other departments, the guideline defined children with both parents serving prison terms, undergoing compulsory drug rehabilitation or restriction of personal freedom as de facto orphans. This puts them in the same category as children who have sick, disabled parents or parents who have been declared missing. If one of a child's parents is under the aforementioned conditions and the other parent is dead or missing, the child can also be identified as a de facto orphan.由民政部、最高法以及其他10个部门联合发布的意见对事实无人抚养儿童（即通常所说的“事实孤儿”）的定义为：父母双方均符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联情形之一的儿童；或者父母一方死亡或失踪，另一方符合重残、重病、服刑在押、强制隔离戒毒、被执行其他限制人身自由的措施、失联情形之一的儿童。
【单词讲解】
Serve prison terms就是“服刑”的意思，serve这个词最基本的意思是“服务”，引申开来就有“服役、任职、招待”等意思，比如美剧里时常会有个壮汉说：I served in Afghanistan.（我曾经在阿富汗服役。）或者，serve the interests of all the people（符合所有人的利益）。在网球和羽毛球比赛中，serve则表示“发球”，可用作动词或名词，比如：Whose turn is it to serve?（该谁发球了？）Federer's serve is unbeatable.（费德勒的发球无人能敌。）
这是我国首次就加强“事实孤儿”保障工作出台专门意见。《意见》重点解决四个方面的突出问题。
一是强化基本生活保障（basic living allowances）。明确对事实无人抚养儿童发放基本的生活补贴。
二是加强医疗康复保障（medical relief programs）。对符合条件的事实无人抚养儿童按规定实施医疗救助。
三是完善教育资助的救助（assistance for schooling）。将事实无人抚养儿童参照孤儿纳入教育资助的范围，享受相应的政策待遇，优先纳入国家资助政策体系和教育的帮扶体系。
四是督促落实监护的责任（responsibility of children's guardians）。要求依法打击故意或者恶意不履行监护职责等各类侵害儿童权益的违法犯罪行为。
The document also warned of punishments if parents with childrearing capacity pretend they don't have the capability with the aim of defrauding government welfare for their children. The guideline said law enforcement officers can revoke guardianship of parents defrauding child welfare, and civil affairs authorities can charge those parents child-rearing fees.《意见》提出，对采取虚报、隐瞒、伪造等手段骗取保障资金、物资或服务的父母及其他监护人采取惩戒，执法部门应当依法撤销监护人监护资格。明确对有能力履行抚养义务而拒不抚养的父母，民政部门可依法追索抚养费。
汛期 flooding season
Since the flooding season began in June, southern provinces have received seven rounds of heavy downpours with average precipitation of about 476 mm, up 51 percent compared to the same period in previous years, according to the National Meteorological Center.6月进入汛期以来，我国南方省份已经历七轮强降雨，平均降雨量约476毫米，比常年同期多51%。
【单词讲解】
在英文报道中，讲到“降雨”时通常会出现rain、drizzle、downpour、shower等词汇。其中，rain是“雨”的总称，我们通过在这个词的前面添加不同的形容词来表示不同程度的降雨，比如：heavy rain（大雨）、light rain（小雨）、中雨（moderate rain）、暴雨（torrential rain）、大暴雨（downpour）、特大暴雨（heavy downpour）。
中央气象台表示，未来一周南方地区还将连续出现两次强降雨过程。
For the next five days, there will be two more rounds of heavy rain in South China, especially in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces, with an accumulated precipitation of 100 to 200 millimeters.未来五天，南方还将有两轮强降雨，尤其是湖北、湖南、安徽、江西及浙江，累积降水量可达100到200毫米。
应急管理部表示，自进入6月份防汛关键期以来，截至7月11日，共有1991万人次受灾，129.8万人次紧急安置，58.2万人次需紧急生活救助。
Firemen and rescue workers transfer people trapped in floodwaters in Yichun, East China's Jiangxi province, on July 9, 2019. [Photo by Xu Tao/For chinadaily.com.cn]
水利部7月11日发布洪水黄色预警，提醒10省(自治区)和社会公众注意防范。
Following the recent heavy rainfall, two heavy floods occurred in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the current flow in the Lanzhou section of the main stream has exceeded the warning level.
受近期强降雨影响，黄河上游发生2次编号洪水，目前干流兰州段流量超过警戒流量。
【单词讲解】
在水文学上，支流（tributary）指汇入另一条河流（或其他水体）而不直接入海的河流。支流所汇入的河流称为干流或主流（mainstream），两河或多河交汇之处称为合流或合流处（confluence）。与支流相反的情况称为分流（distributary）。
The Xijiang River in the Pearl River basin saw the first flood this year.
珠江流域西江发生2019年第1号洪水。
Floods exceeding alarms occurred in rivers around Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.长江中下游洞庭湖及鄱阳湖部分水系发生超警以上洪水。
The section from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River will exceed the alarm level Friday, which will be the first time for the water level in the main stream of the Yangtze River to exceed the alarm level in this year's flood season, according to the ministry.预计12日长江中游干流九江至鄱阳湖湖口江段将超过警戒水位，这将是今年长江干流首次超过警戒水位。
The ministry's yellow alert for floods targets Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangsu.水利部发布洪水黄色预警，提醒青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、广西、广东、江西、湖南、安徽、江苏等有关省(自治区)注意防范。
放开落户限制 relaxing residency curbs
China has introduced a slew of measures to boost the employment prospects of graduates in the country, including relaxing residency curbs, promoting multi-channel employment and facilitating the establishment of startups.我国公布了一系列措施促进毕业生就业，包括放开落户限制、促进多渠道就业以及为创业提供便利等。
这项通知从积极拓宽就业领域、大力加强就业服务和全力做好兜底保障等方面提出了多项促进大学生就业创业的优惠政策。
省会及以下城市放开落户限制、精简落户凭证
Residency curbs on the settlement of college graduates, vocational college graduates, and graduates from overseas institutions will be fully relaxed at provincial capitals and other cities. The household registration process for graduates will be further simplified.省会及以下城市要全面放开对高校毕业生、职业院校毕业生、留学归国人员的落户限制，精简落户凭证，简化办理手续。
小微企业吸纳毕业生可享受社保补贴
Personnel in grassroots service projects who have passed the assessment of the grassroots units below the county level in remote areas can be selected and hired in the township institutions.对艰苦边远地区县以下基层单位服务期满并考核合格的基层服务项目人员，可通过直接考察的方式择优聘用到服务地乡镇事业单位。
Small and micro enterprises that hire people who have been unemployed for two years after college graduation will be provided with social insurance subsidies, according to the regulation.对小微企业吸纳离校2年内未就业高校毕业生就业的，按规定给予社会保险补贴。
返乡创业还有补贴
The country will strengthen innovation and entrepreneurship, relax the conditions for applying for start-up loans, and encourage graduates to return to their hometowns to start their own businesses.加强创新创业教育，放宽创业担保贷款申请条件，支持高校毕业生返乡入乡创业创新。
扩大就业见习规模
The country will help arrange internship placements for college graduates and unemployed young people who need internship opportunities. Other subsidies will cover qualified graduates in secondary vocational schools, technical schools included.及时摸排锁定有见习需求的高校毕业生和失业青年，帮助他们获得岗位实践机会。将求职创业补贴对象范围扩大到中等职业学校（含技工院校）的困难毕业生。
夜间经济 nighttime economy
近日，经北京市政府同意，由北京市商务局印发《北京市关于进一步繁荣夜间经济促进消费增长的措施》，推出十三项具体举措。
The nighttime economy refers to business activities between 6 pm and 6 am in the service sector. Many other Chinese cities, including Shanghai and Tianjin, have introduced plans to boost their nighttime economy.所谓“夜间经济”一般指从当日下午6点到次日凌晨6点所发生的服务业方面的商务活动。上海、天津等地均已出台措施发展夜间经济。
By the end of 2021, a bunch of nighttime landmarks, business districts and living areas will be set up throughout the capital, which is expected to be featured as part of a world-renowned "Night Capital" consumer brand.到2021年底，北京市将形成一批夜间地标、商圈和生活圈，打造具有全球知名度的“夜京城”消费品牌。
首批4个“夜京城”地标（nighttime landmarks）分别为前门和大栅栏、三里屯、国贸、五棵松。
首批“夜京城”商圈（nighttime business districts）位于蓝色港湾、世贸天阶、簋街、合生汇、郎园、食宝街、荟聚、中粮·祥云小镇、奥林匹克公园等。
首批“夜京城”生活圈（nighttime living areas）在上地、五道口、常营、方庄、鲁谷、梨园、永顺、回龙观、天通苑等区域。
Late-night canteens along major subway lines will be further developed, and the 24-hour convenience stores, bookstores and movie theaters in the capital's urban and rural districts will be expanded to spur the nighttime economy.在主要地铁线路沿线进一步发展深夜食堂特色餐饮，在城郊各区推广24小时便利店、书店、影剧院，进一步刺激夜间经济。
除了在“夜京城”地标、商圈等区域组织开展夜间主题活动外，北京市还将策划组织一批戏曲、相声、电影、歌剧、音乐、读书等主题鲜明的“夜京城”文化休闲活动。
Some scenic spots in the capital will extend their opening times by one to two hours, according to the plan. A series of nighttime performances will also be carried out in famous tourist attractions, such as the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and the Olympic Forest Park.北京部分景点将延长开放时间一到两个小时，在颐和园、天坛公园、奥林匹克森林公园等地也将组织夜间游览活动项目。
Beijing will extend operations of metro line 1 and line 2 for an extra one hour and 1.5 hours respectively, with the last trains departing after 12:30 am, according to the plan.北京地铁1号线延长运营1小时，2号线延长运营1.5小时，两条线路的末班车发车时间均在零点30分以后。
校外线上培训机构 online after-school training institutions
China will carry out a comprehensive inspection on all online after-school training institutions and set up records on the institutions, their training content and teacher credentials by the end of this year as part of its oversight of the rapidly expanding industry, the Ministry of Education said on Monday.教育部表示，要对快速发展的校外线上培训进行监管，2019年12月底前完成对全国校外线上培训及机构的全面排查，对培训机构及其培训内容和师资情况进行备案。
《实施意见》要点包括：
培训内容不得超出相应的国家课程标准
Online training providers shall not offer courses beyond the official syllabus for elementary and secondary schools, while the courses shall remain proportionate to students' grades and inpidual competence, according to the guidelines.学科类课程培训内容不得超出相应的国家课程标准，须与招生对象所处年级相匹配、与学生个体能力相适应。
To enable verification, the training content and data are asked to be kept for at least one year, while the livestreaming courses should be kept for no less than six months.培训内容和培训数据信息须留存1年以上，其中直播教学的影像须留存至少6个月。
合理设置课程培训时长
The duration of each online training session shall not exceed 40 minutes and the interval between two sessions should not be less than 10 minutes.每节课持续时间不得超过40分钟，课程间隔不少于10分钟。
In addition, it requires live broadcast lessons for mainland students in compulsory education to be completed no later than 9 pm.面向境内义务教育阶段学生的直播类培训活动结束时间不得晚于21:00。
师资合格
Teachers employed by online educational institutions should not be in-service teachers from primary and secondary schools but must hold corresponding teachers' qualifications, according to the guidelines.不得聘用中小学在职教师，从事学科知识培训的人员应当具有国家规定的相应教师资格。
Foreign teachers recruited by the after-school training institutions should comply with relevant national regulations, it says, adding that institutions must publicize information on their foreign teachers, including names, photos, teaching credentials, learning, work and teaching experience as well as teachers' qualifications.聘用外籍人员须符合国家有关规定。要在培训平台和课程界面的显著位置公示培训人员姓名、照片和教师资格证等信息，公示外籍培训人员的学习、工作和教学经历。
不得收取超3个月费用
Online training institutions should not charge fees for more than three months or 60 classes ahead of training, and training fees should not be used for other investment, the guideline said.按课时收费的，每科不得一次性收取超过60课时的费用；按培训周期收费的，不得一次性收取时间跨度超过3个月的费用。收取的培训费用不得用于其他投资。
经排查发现问题的校外线上培训机构应当按整改意见进行整改（rectify their problems），于2020年6月底前完成整改并重新提交相关材料。
省级教育行政部门要联合网信、电信、公安等部门对逾期未完成整改或整改不到位的校外线上培训机构进行查处，视情节暂停或停止培训平台运营（operation suspended or closed）、下架培训应用（apps removed）、关闭微信公众号(小程序)、依法进行经济处罚等。
邮政编码 postal code
7月16日，国家邮政局发展研究中心与北京大学时空大数据创新中心提出“新型邮编”建设，建设完成后，已“服役”近40年的邮政编码或将退出历史舞台。
When the new postal code system is complete, every Chinese citizen will be able to establish a unique "personal address ID" under unified coding rules.该新型邮编体系建成以后，每个人都可以建立一个基于统一编码规则的唯一“个人地址ID”。
据介绍，“新型邮编”（new postal code system）项目基于国家重点研发计划“全球位置框架与编码系统（global positioning frame and coding systems）”，将地球空间(或地球表面)剖分成体积(面积)形状相似、既无缝隙也不重叠的多层次离散网格（split the terrestrial space into nonoverlapping and seamless multilayer grids similar in size and shape），剖分的网格都具有唯一编码，该编码具有多尺度、可标识、可定位、可索引、可计算、自动空间关联等特点（the code is multidimensional and can be tagged, positioned, searched, computed and used in automatic spacial association）。
【知识点】
我国于1974年开始研制邮政编码（post code/postal code），经过5年左右的时间，拟定出“全国邮政编码试行方案”，并于1978年在辽宁、上海、江苏等省市进行试点。1980年7月1日，我国推出了全国统一使用的邮政编码，开始正式在全国宣传推行。
我国的邮政编码采用四级六位数编码结构（six-digit coding rule）。前两位数字表示省（直辖市、自治区）；前三位数字表示邮区；前四位数字表示县（市）；最后两位数字表示投递局（所）。
新的邮编系统建成之后，国家邮政局可建立居民个人寄递地址编码管理公共平台，居民可自行在平台上通过身份证信息注册，获得与身份证绑定的个人地址库（inpiduals can register and establish their own address libraries）。
To deliver a parcel, the sender can select the desired mailing address and send the corresponding code to the courier, who can begin mailing items after typing the code into the system.在快递服务时，公民选择地址库中想寄达的地址，将对应的编码向快递员发送，快递员将地址以编码的形式录入系统即可开始寄件。
每个快递包裹也将有属于自己的ID，该ID可关联所有与包裹相关的信息，包括快递员信息、运送信息、配送信息（information on the courier, shipment and delivery）等。
个人破产 personal bankruptcy
The country will promote the establishment of a bankruptcy system for insolvent inpiduals in a step-by-step way, according to the new reform plan released by the National Development and Reform Commission and 12 other central government agencies.由国家发改委和其他12家中央政府机构发布的改革方案提出，我国将推动逐步建立无偿付能力个人的破产制度。
【名词解释】
个人破产（personal bankruptcy），是指作为债务人的自然人不能清偿其到期债务时，由法院依法宣告其破产（an insolvent inpidual is declared bankrupt by the court），并对其财产进行清算和分配或者进行债务调整（have their property liquidated, distributed or debt adjusted），对其债务进行豁免（exempted from the liability the inpidual is unable to pay back）以及确定当事人在破产过程中的权利义务关系的法律规范。
《方案》明确，对符合破产等退出条件的国有企业，各相关方不得以任何方式阻碍其退出，防止形成“僵尸企业”（zombie companies）。不得通过违规提供政府补贴、贷款（illegal government subsidies or loans）等方式维系“僵尸企业”生存，有效解决国有“僵尸企业”不愿退出的问题。国有企业退出时（in case of SOEs' exit），金融机构等债权人不得要求政府承担超出出资额之外的债务清偿责任。
发改委将研究建立个人破产制度（personal bankruptcy system），重点解决企业破产产生的自然人连带责任担保债务问题（resolving the joint liabilities arising from corporate bankruptcy）。明确自然人因担保等原因而承担与生产经营活动相关的负债可依法合理免责。逐步推进建立自然人符合条件的消费负债可依法合理免责（promoting reasonable liability exemptions for inpiduals），最终建立全面的个人破产制度。
个人申请破产后，是不是可以不用还债了呢？会不会影响债权人的利益呢？
中国人民大学法学院教授徐阳光指出，不要以为只要申请破产就可获得免责，更不要将个人破产等同于“逃废”个人债务。
Not every personal bankruptcy application will be approved and applying for bankruptcy is not a shelter for those trying to avoid paying their debts, said Xu.
并非所有个人破产申请都能获准，个人破产也不能成为一些人逃避债务的“保护伞”。
To get the debt liability exemption, the debtor has to repay part of the debt as a condition and the debtor's economic life will be restricted for about three to five years after the end of bankruptcy proceedings, Xu said.
债务人须偿还部分债务作为免责的条件，在破产程序终结后的一段时间内（通常持续3-5年），债务人的经济生活会受到限制。
留学生 international students
The Ministry of Education will ask universities to adopt similar standards for all students, foreign and Chinese, in teaching, exam requirements, education resources and services, said an official from the ministry's department of international cooperation and exchanges.教育部国际合作与交流司负责人表示，教育部将进一步推动来华留学生与中国学生的管理和服务趋同化，实现统一标准的教学管理与考试考核制度，提供平等一致的教学资源与管理服务。
【单词讲解】
离开自己所在的国家去其他国家和地区的学校学习深造的所有学生统称为international students（国际学生/留学生），对于本国的学生来说，从其他国家来我国学习的学生就是foreign students，而离开我们国家去外国学习的学生则是overseas students，学成回国的“海归”就是overseas returnees。这几年很流行的“出国游学”就是overseas study tour。
该负责人介绍，来华留学经费主要用于资助根据中国政府与有关国家（地区）政府签订的教育交流协议到中国高校学习或开展科研的非中国籍公民。
China has signed official education exchange agreements with more than 180 countries, under which both sides can send students to each other's countries for further study, the ministry said.目前，中国和180多个国家签订了政府间教育交流协议，支持双方互派学生到对方国家学习深造。
In 2018, the country welcomed 492,000 international students from 196 countries and regions to study at 1,004 universities and research institutes across the country, it said.据教育部发布的统计数据，2018年，共有来自196个国家和地区的49.2万名留学生在国内1004所高校和科研机构学习。
The ministry said 63,000 international students were funded by Chinese government scholarships last year, accounting for just 12.8 percent of the foreign students in China. Moreover, 70 percent of those receiving scholarships were pursuing master's or doctoral degrees.其中，共有6.3万名中国政府奖学金生，占来华留学生总数的12.8%。这些中国政府奖学金生中，攻读学位的硕博研究生占70%。
下一步，教育部将进一步完善中国政府奖学金生的招生和管理，提高标准，保障质量。同时，健全奖学金院校考核评估机制，对违规招生或培养质量不达标的院校，取消招收和培养奖学金生资格。
The ministry punished 18 universities for irregularities in international student admission, certificate issuance for visa applications and on-campus management. Sixteen institutions were suspended to enroll foreign students last year, it said.2018年，教育部严肃处理了18所院校在来华留学生招收、录取、签证等留学生管理工作过程中的各类违法违规行为，暂停16所涉事院校招收外国留学生的资格。
Universities should also teach international students relevant laws and regulations in China, and students who violate those laws and regulations or commit crimes will be dealt with seriously, the official said.该负责人强调，高校应当对来华留学生进行中国法律法规、校规校纪教育，对违规违纪的留学生严肃处理。
电子烟 electronic cigarettes
China is planning to establish legislation to supervise electronic cigarettes as part of overall tobacco control efforts as use of the products increases among the youth, the National Health Commission said on Monday.国家卫健委7月22日表示，随着电子烟在青少年中的使用增加，我国计划立法对电子烟进行监管，作为控烟行动的一个举措。
目前主流的电子烟（electronic cigarettes/e-cigarettes）大部分都是通过一个雾化器（vaporator）将包含丙二醇、植物甘油、调味香料和尼古丁等成分的烟油变成蒸汽，模拟吸烟时产生类似烟雾。
国家卫生健康委规划司司长毛群安表示，电子烟的危害问题应该引起高度重视。
电子烟产生的气溶胶含有许多有毒有害的物质（toxic substances），电子烟中的各种添加剂成分（additives）也存在着健康风险（health risk）。另外，许多电子烟产品所含的尼古丁浓度标识模糊（nicotine concentration claim on the label is vague），容易导致使用者吸食过量。
同时，电子烟的器具还存在着电池爆炸（battery explosion）、烟液渗透（tobacco juice leak）、高温烫伤（scald burn risk）等安全风险。
目前我国电子烟的使用处于较低水平，但与2015年相比有所提高，而且重点还都是年轻人。
About 0.9 percent of people in China were e-cigarette users last year－compared with 0.5 percent in 2015－according to a survey released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in May, which was based on nearly 20,000 people across China. The number of e-cigarette users in China who are 15 years or older is estimated at 10 million, the center said.中国疾控中心今年5月针对近2万人进行的一项调查显示，去年我国电子烟使用者人数占总人口的0.9%，比2015年的0.5%有所上升。我国15岁及以上电子烟使用者的数量预计约有1000万。
根据国际的一些研究表明，电子烟的使用容易诱导青少年尝试使用传统的卷烟，这样就加快了吸烟人群的年轻化趋势。
"To reduce tobacco prevalence, we must prevent adolescents from trying tobacco. But e-cigarettes can easily lure youngsters and turn them into users of traditional tobacco later," Mao said.毛群安说，要实现吸烟率的下降，一定要阻止青少年尝试烟草，但是电子烟恰恰容易以时尚的方式诱导青少年先接触电子烟，之后可能就接触传统的烟草。
It is necessary to intensify supervision over e-cigarettes. The National Heath Commission is working with other related departments conducting research on e-cigarette supervision and planning to put it under supervision through legislative means.所以必须严格加强电子烟的监管。目前国家卫生健康委正在会同有关部门开展电子烟监管的研究，计划要通过立法的方式对电子烟进行监管。
“健康中国行动”提出的控烟目标包括：
Over 80 percent of China's population will be under smoke-free legal protection as of 2030.到2030年，全面无烟法规保护的人口比例达到80%及以上。
Party and government branches at all levels will become smoking-free by 2020, and smoking will get gradually banned throughout indoor public spaces, workplaces and public transport.到2022年要基本实现把各级党政机关建设成无烟机关，逐步在所有室内公共场所、办公场所及公共交通内实现全面禁烟。
取景地旅游 set-jetting
Popular TV drama The Longest Day in Chang'an, which was shot in the ancient Chinese city of Xi'an in Shaanxi province, has made the city a tourist hot spot.《长安十二时辰》热播以来，该剧的拍摄地陕西省西安市成为热门旅游景点。
In the first week of this month, online enquiries about flight ticket bookings to Xi'an recorded a 130-percent year-on-year spike, said Ctrip, China's largest online travel agency.携程统计显示，近期，飞往西安的机票搜索量同比上涨130%左右。
这种到影视剧拍摄地旅游的行为在英语里已经有了一个专门的词：set-jetting。
Set-jetting is the trend of traveling to destinations that are first seen in movies or TV series. For instance, touring London in a high-speed boat like James Bond, or visiting the stately homes that are seen in the Jane Austen films. The term was first coined in the US press in the New York Post by journalist Gretchen Kelly.Set-jetting指将影视剧拍摄地作为目的地的旅游，即“取景地旅游”。比如，像詹姆斯•邦德一样乘坐快艇环游伦敦，或者到简•奥斯丁作品电影中那样的大宅院中游览。这个词由《纽约邮报》记者格雷琴•凯丽首创并在美国媒体首先使用。
近几年，这种取景地主题游暴增。热门美剧《权力的游戏》热播期间，克罗地亚、北爱尔兰等国就成为游客争相到访的目的地。
Many countries – among them, Croatia, Spain, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Morocco – are all benefiting from the ultra popular Game of Thrones series. National and international travel agencies join countless online outfits in offering Game of Thrones trips and tours of all lengths and prices. 包括克罗地亚、西班牙、北爱尔兰、冰岛以及摩洛哥在内的很多国家都因为美剧《权力的游戏》热播而成为热门旅游景点。各类国内和国际旅行社也开始提供各种价位、长期和短期的《权游》主题游产品。
上半年，电视剧《都挺好》也引发苏州旅游热潮。
Suzhou, Chongqing and Bayanbulak Grassland have also become go-to destinations for domestic tourists as films such as Pegasus and TV dramas such as All Is Well were set or shot there.苏州、重庆以及巴音布鲁克草原也作为电影《希望之神》和电视剧《都挺好》的取景地或拍摄地而成为国内游客必去的打卡目的地。
平台经济 platform economy
At its executive meeting on Wednesday, the State Council decided to introduce another basket of measures to beef up growth of the platform economy, including steps to scrap restrictions on private sector access, and others to improve the business environment.7月17日召开的国务院常务会议决定实施一系列支持平台经济发展的措施，其中包括取消社会资本准入限制以及提升营商环境的举措。
【名词解释】
平台经济（platform economy）是指一种虚拟或真实的交易场所（virtual or real marketplace），平台本身不生产产品，但可以促成双方或多方供求之间的交易（matching demand with supply），收取恰当的费用或赚取差价而获得收益的一种商业模式。平台经济的核心是利用互联网来实现诸如供需匹配、送货、支付、反馈以及对产品和服务供应商进行监督等功能（use the internet to provide common functions such as matching demand with supply, delivery, payment, feedback and supervision of the parties providing a product or service）。平台经济不受地理界限和商业模式的限制（not restricted by geographical boundaries and business models），可以实现资源的优化配置、有效融合及集约化利用（optimal allocation, effective integration and intensive use of resources）。
会议指出，近年来我国平台经济蓬勃兴起。
The total market value of China's top 20 internet platform businesses, including Alibaba, Tencent and Baidu, exceeded $1.38 trillion by the end of last year, according to a report by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology.中国信息通信研究院的报告显示，截至去年底，阿里巴巴、腾讯、百度等排名前20位的互联网平台企业总市值超过1.38万亿元。
要遵循规律、顺势而为，支持推动平台经济健康发展。
一要发展平台经济新业态。
顺应群众需要发展“互联网＋服务业”（promote the development of the Internet Plus service industry），支持社会资本进入医疗健康、教育、养老家政、旅游、体育等服务领域（private businesses will be encouraged to invest in sectors such as medical care, education, nursing, domestic services and sports），提供更多优质高效的便民服务。
二要优化发展环境（improve the business environment）。
推进登记注册便利化，放宽新兴行业企业名称登记限制，简化平台企业分支机构设立手续（make business registration easier and simpler procedures for setting up branches）。
三要按照包容审慎要求，创新监管方式，探索适应新业态特点、有利于公平竞争的公正监管办法，推进“互联网＋监管”（Internet Plus supervision）。
新时代的中国国防 China's National Defense in the New Era
China on Wednesday issued a white paper to expound on its defensive national defense policy in the new era and explain the practice, purposes and significance of China's efforts to build a fortified national defense and a strong military. Titled "China's National Defense in the New Era," the white paper was released by the State Council Information Office, with a view to helping the international community better understand China's national defense.7月24日，中国政府发表《新时代的中国国防》白皮书。白皮书全面介绍了新时代中国防御性国防政策，清晰地向世界表明了中国国防和军队建设的战略指向、基本遵循和世界意义，有助于国际社会理解中国军力发展。
这是中国政府自1998年以来发表的第10部国防白皮书，也是党的十八大以来发表的首部综合型国防白皮书。白皮书全文约2.7万字，正文部分包括国际安全形势、新时代中国防御性国防政策、履行新时代军队使命任务、改革中的中国国防和军队、合理适度的国防开支、积极服务构建人类命运共同体等6个章节。
白皮书首次全景式展现中国深化国防和军队改革取得的历史性成就，还专门辟出章节，介绍中国在坚定维护联合国宪章宗旨和原则、推动构建新型安全伙伴关系、推动构建地区安全合作架构、妥善处理领土问题和海洋划界争端、积极提供国际公共安全产品等方面的具体实践。与以往相比，白皮书在附件中列出了多达10个表格，详细介绍了军委机关部门基本情况、2010年至2017年中国年度国防费构成、2012年以来解放军和武警部队对外开展的主要联演联训活动以及中国军队参加的主要联合国维和行动等内容。
堵城 the most congested cities
China's southwestern municipality of Chongqing, home to more than 3 million registered cars, had the worst traffic congestion among 50 major cities in the second quarter this year, a recent traffic analysis report says.该交通分析报告指出，在50个主要城市中，今年第2季度交通拥堵程度最严重的城市为西南地区的重庆，该市的机动车登记保有量超过300万。
With average rush-hour vehicular speeds as low as 24.95 kilometers per hour－almost as slow as riding a bicycle－people in the city need to spend nearly twice as long getting to their destinations during rush hour than when traffic is flowing freely, according to the report.报告指出，重庆市交通高峰期的机动车运行平均速度为24.95公里/小时，几乎相当于骑自行车的速度，居民在高峰期出行时到达目的地所用的时间为非拥堵时段的近两倍。
【单词讲解】
我们都知道早晚交通出行的高峰时段在英语里一般用rush hour或者peak hour表示，与其相对的“非高峰时段”就可以用non-rush hour或者off-peak hour表示。“交通拥堵”多用traffic jam或者traffic congestion表示，jam比congestion的用法要多一些，因为jam还可以指我们平常吃的“果酱”。另外，最近几年伦敦等大城市开始实行的“拥堵费”可以用congestion charge来表示。
该报告针对我国城市地面公共出行（ground traffic）、城市道路交通（road traffic）、高速公路（expressway）运行三个方面，通过不同的评价指数，进行了一次全面的扫描和诊断。
报告显示，2019年第二季度中国10大拥堵城市（top 10 most congested cities）分别为重庆市、哈尔滨市、北京市、长春市、呼和浩特市、大连市、济南市、沈阳市、兰州市、西宁市。
报告首次发布“绿色出行意愿指数（green travel willingness index）”，选取全国50个城市，依据高德地图公交&地铁（bus and subway）、骑行（cycling）、步行（walking）路线规划总次数占比，归一化处理后得出各城市的“绿色出行意愿指数”。指数越高表明城市绿色出行需求强度越大，反之绿色出行需求强度越小。
其中，排名第一的是南京，其公交&地铁、骑行、步行出行意愿指数均高于50城市均值，尤其是骑行出行意愿指数相比其他两项表现较好。兰州、西安、上海、北京、武汉、厦门、长沙、杭州、南昌依次排名前十。
第二学士学位 the Second Bachelor’s Degree
Chinese universities and colleges will stop enrolling college graduates for a second bachelor's degree from July, according to a guideline issued by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council.国务院学位委员会发布的管理办法规定，从本月起，我国高校不再招收第二学士学位生。
【名词解释】
第二学士学位(the Second Bachelor’s Degree)：学位等级的名称。第二学士学位的授予标准是：已修完一个学科门类中某专业的本科课程，准予毕业并获得该学科门类的学士学位，再攻读另一个学科门类中的某本科专业（根据国家需要，也允许选择同一学科门类中的另一本科专业），完成教学计划规定的各项要求，成绩合格，准予毕业者，可授予第二学士学位。第二学士学位的修业年限，一般为二年。（来源：中国学位与研究生教育信息网）
双学位（double degree program）指的是在高等教育阶段，同时学习两个学科专业的学位课程（working for two university degrees in parallel），达到要求者可同时获得两个学科的学位。在我国，双学位多见于本科学习阶段（undergraduate education）。在欧盟国家，不少高校都开设硕士双学位课程。
第二学士学位是在改革开放初期，针对我国研究生教育非常薄弱的情况，以及我国人才结构实际，根据国家建设需要，提出的一种应急性人才培养渠道。
The program to enroll graduates for a second bachelor degree was set up as a complement to China's postgraduate programs.However, along with the rapid development of China's postgraduate education, the second bachelor degree program has fulfiled its mission, said the committee.据国务院学位委员会介绍，随着我国研究生教育的蓬勃发展，对于弥补研究生教育不足而设立的第二学士学位，已基本完成了历史使命。
为分类推动复合型人才培养，管理办法提出，设置辅修学士学位（get a bachelor's degree with a minor）、双学士学位（double bachelor's degree）、联合学士学位（joint bachelor's degree）三种学士学位类型。
对于全日制学生在本校自主选择读多个学位的，可以采取辅修学士学位方式（students can voluntarily minor in other studies at their own universities）；
对于学校主导开展的复合型人才培养，可以采取双学士学位方式（conduct training programs to grant two bachelor degrees to students），对招生、培养、毕业等进行整体设计，由省级学位委员会审批。
对于校际之间正式开展的复合型人才联合培养项目（joint training programs to cultivate versatile talents），可以采取联合学士学位方式，推进优质资源共享，报省级学位委员会审批。
外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange, China's forex regulator, disclosed for the first time on Sunday that the country had achieved a 10-year average return rate of 3.68 percent on its foreign exchange reserve investments from 2005 to 2014, according to the administration's 2018 annual report published on its website.国家外汇管理局7月28日在其官网公布的2018年年报中首次披露，2005年至2014年，我国外汇储备经营平均收益率为3.68%。
The administration also for the first time disclosed the currency composition of the country's foreign exchange reserves in the annual report. The reserves denominated by the US dollar accounted for 58 percent of the total by the end of 2014, down from 79 percent in 1995.国家外汇管理局年报中也首次披露了我国外汇储备货币结构，美元占比从1995年的79%下降至2014年的58%。
【名词解释】
外汇储备（foreign exchange reserves）是指一国政府所持有的国际储备资产中的外汇部分（reserve assets in foreign currencies），即一国政府保有的以外币表示的债权，是一个国家货币当局持有并可以随时兑换外国货币的资产。狭义而言，外汇储备指一个国家的外汇积累；广义而言，外汇储备是指以外汇计价的资产，包括现钞（cash）、黄金（gold）、国外有价证券（foreign securities）等。
年报指出，我国黄金储备不断增加。
China's gold reserves increased to $87.27 billion by the end of June, up from $79.32 billion in January. China had the world's sixth-largest gold reserves by the end of 2018 with a total of 1,852 metric tons.我国的黄金储备从1月份的793.2亿美元增长至6月底的872.7亿美元。2018年末，我国的黄金储备为1852吨，黄金储备规模位居全球第六。
国家外汇管理局新闻发言人、总经济师王春英表示，我国外汇储备始终坚持多元化、分散化的投资理念。
China's forex reserve currency structure is persified, even more persified than the world's average level. It is in line with requirements of China's economic and trade development, as well as the demand of international payments.我国外汇储备货币结构日趋多元，比全球外汇储备的平均水平更加分散。这符合我国对外经济贸易发展及国际支付要求。
90后理财 post-90s' wealth management
近日，中国新经济研究院联合支付宝发布首份《90后攒钱报告》。报告显示，92%的“90后”每个月都会有结余，80%的人会将结余进行理财。
The country's young people born between 1990 and 1999 began to manage their money at 23 years old on average, about 10 years earlier than their parents, according to the report.报告显示，“90后”首次开始理财的平均年龄是23岁，比父母辈第一次接触理财早了10年。
The digital credit platform Huabei is also a popular service among the younger generation as they know how to make the most out of the credit service while avoiding overspending, the report showed.年轻一代还很喜欢用数字信用服务平台“花呗”，因为他们知道如何充分利用信用服务来避免过度支出。
“90后”出生的时候，互联网已经较为普遍，所以这一代人被称为“数字原住民”（digital natives）。
There's a whole generation of inpiduals for whom concepts such as the internet and wireless technology are just humdrum, because they've never lived in a world where they didn't exist. These are the so-called digital natives.有一代人从出生就已经习惯有互联网和无线技术的陪伴，对他们来说，这些数字技术丝毫不稀奇。这一代就是我们所说的“数字原住民”。
调研显示，90%的“90后”使用花呗并非因为想要提前消费，而是因为希望“省钱”（save money）和“占便宜”（make the most of the service）。大量“90后”在调研中表示“自己先用花呗额度消费，把钱先存起来，这样可以多赚一个月的收益”。
对比他们的余额宝和花呗发现，“90后”每月在余额宝攒的钱，平均是其花呗账单的4.5倍（the money they put in Yu'ebao is 4.5 times as much as they pay through Huabei）。
上海社科院原副院长、研究员何健华表示，
The younger generation, growing amid rapid internet developments and abundant applications, are independent and smart with their money.年轻一代成长于互联网飞速发展及各种应用层出不穷的年代，这代年轻人也有强烈的独立意识，对财富精打细算。
来源：中国日报网
贷款英语翻译
术语翻译savings institutions 储蓄机构credit unions 信用合作社building society 房屋互助协会payment facilities 支付工具investment trust 投资信托公司venture capital company 风险投资公司venture capital 风险资本discount house 贴现行securities 有价证券money market 货币市场mortgage 抵押on installment 分期付款 *installation 安装broker 经济人：act as "go-betweens"；dealer 交易商:buy and sell financial assets.money transmission facilities 资金汇送工具expansion/contraction 扩张/收缩boom/slump 繁荣/衰退stability 稳定curb 抑制stimulate 扩张monopolistic structures 垄断结构prudential regulations 审慎监管common stock 普通股preferred stock 优先股derivative instruments 衍生金融工具forward 远期合同 ： futures 期货；options 期权swaps 互换/掉期risk(risk and return) 风险和回报liquidity流通性/变现力maturity 偿还期margins 利润率the People's Bank of China 中国人民银行All in one monopolistic banking system 大一统银行体制Specialized bank 专业银行Central bank 中央银行Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备Monetary base 基础货币Benchmark interest rate 基准利率Fiscal agent 财政代理Aggregate credit 总信贷Fiscal deficit 财政赤字Break even 收支相抵、损益两平Lending facilities 贷款工具Priority construction 重点建设Fixed-asset investment 固定资产投资Commodity reserves 商品储备Subsidiary 子公司poverty alleviation 扶贫Bottleneck 瓶颈Laissez-faire 自由放任主义tenet 宗旨: an opinion, doctrine or principle英式和平 Pax Britannica美式和平 Pax AmericanaThe international monetary system (国际货币体系）(1)The gold standard 金本位制(2)The gold exchange standard 金汇兑本位制(3)Floating/fixed or pegged exchange rate system 浮动/固定或挂钩汇兑制Commodity money 商品货币Gresham’s Law (格雷欣法则：劣币驱逐良币)be debased 贬值 →debasementFractional banking（比例制银行业务）the reserve requirement ratio 存款准备金率rediscount rate 再贴现率open market operations 公开市场操作Fiat Money 法币Private debt money 私人债务货币名词或短语解释comprise：（1）to consist of /to make up of 组成构成(2) to have as parts or members,or to be those parts or members 作为成员incline:have a certain tendency 倾向take sb./sth. for granted:to expect someone or something to be always available to serve in some way without thanks or recognition; to value someone or something too lightly.认为....理所应当；轻视某人或某事have/gain access to 访问：to succeed in entering a place or in seeing someone or something成功地进入一个地方或见到某人或某事turn down:(1)refuse;reject拒绝(2)decrease the volume of sth 减少某物体积feel hard done by:feel that you have been treated unfairly 感觉受到不公平的对待vociferous:making, given to, or marked by noisy and vehement outcry; blatant; vehement制造、给予或以嘈杂和强烈的抗议为特征的；明目张胆的激烈的wield:to exercise (authority or influence, for example) effectively有效地行使favored:treated or thought of with great kindness or partiality.受宠地facilitate：make sth.easy or easier.使容易transmission:the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television program.传输transfer：the act of moving sb./sth. from one place, group or job to another移动，调动transaction：a piece of business that is done between people, especially an act of buying or selling.交易Bottleneck 瓶颈:（1）a place where a road becomes narrow, or a place where there is often a lot of traffic, causing the traffic to slow down or stop道路变窄的地方，或者经常有很多交通的地方，导致交通减速或停止（2）a problem that delays progress 拖延进度的问题Laissez-faire 自由放任主义:is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are absent of any form of government intervention."invisible hand"predominate 占主导地位: to be the largest in number or the most important人数最多或最重要sacrosanct 神圣的: adj. regarded as sacred and inviolable that is regarded to be too importantto change被认为是神圣不可侵犯的，被认为太重要而不能改变tenet 宗旨: an opinion, doctrine or principlethe people of plenty 富人: People of economic abundance 经济富裕的人not to mention 更不用说: let alonefurther: advanceshore up 支撑: supportlegitimacy 合法性: the quality of being legal 合法的本质pragmatic 实用的: adj. practical, realistic 务实的、实用主义的empiricism 经验主义: n.(u) the use of experiments or experience as the basis for your ideas利用实验或经验作为你想法的基础precondition 先决条件: something that must happen or exist before sth else can exist or be done.在其他事情存在或完成之前必须发生或存在的事情other than 不同于，除了: different from, exceptausterity 紧缩: a situation when people do not have much money to spend because there are bad economic conditions.由于经济状况不佳，人们没有多少钱可花。prescription 处方: a written order, especially by a physician, for the preparation and administration of a medicine or other treatment.一种书面命令，尤指医生为准备和服用药物或其他治疗而发出的命令。epitomize 代表: to be a typical example ofSpoil system 分赃制: patronage system, a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party.merit system 绩效制 when offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.the haves and have-nots 富人和穷人: the wealthy and the poorno-nonsense 务实严肃的: [only before noun] simple and direct; only paying attention to important and necessary things.【仅在名词之前】简单直接；只关注重要和必要的事情。disenchantment 觉醒、幻灭: free from illusion摆脱幻觉perforated 穿孔的: pierced with a hole or holes千疮百孔的impotent 无能的: weak, lacking in power 虚弱，缺乏权力coterminous 毗邻的: ~ (with sth) (of countries or areas) sharing a border (of things or ideas) having so much in common that they are almost the same as each other.（与某事物）（指国家或地区）共有边界（指事物或思想）有如此多的共同点，以至于它们几乎彼此相同The international monetary system (国际货币体系）The framework within which countries borrow, lend, buy, sell and make payments across political borders.token 象征: sth. serving as an indication, a proof, or an expression of sth. else. sign, symbol作为其他事物的指示、证明或表达的事物。符号，符号among other things 等等: in addition to things that are not specifically mentionedCommodity money 商品货币Definition:a physical commodity that is valued in its own right and also used as a means of paymentin one’s own right 凭自己、本身: by means of one’s own ability,ownership, etc.Gresham’s Law (格雷欣法则：劣币驱逐良币)It refers to the tendency for bad money to drive good money out of circulation.它指的是劣币将良币逐出流通的趋势。Fractional banking（比例制银行业务）It refers to the banking system in which it is required to keep a specified ratio between all bank deposit and cash. This requirement is good to the safety and liquidity of the banking system.它指的是要求所有银行存款和现金之间保持特定比例的银行体系。这一要求有利于银行系统的安全性和流动性。Fiat Money 法币:Fiat money or fiat currency, usually paper money, is a type of currency whose only value is that a government made a fiat that the money is a legal method of exchange.法定货币或法定货币，通常是纸币，是一种货币，其唯一价值是政府制定的法定货币是一种合法的交换方式。Private debt money 私人债务货币:IOU （I owe you）借据、欠条句子翻译一、英译中
Today satisfactory payment facilities offered by the banks are so crucial in our daily life that we accept them readily without proper appreciation. However, to make economic activity productive, we depend not only on the existence of these payment facilities but also on business firms who are able to get short-term credit in the money market.翻译：如今，银行提供的令人满意的支付便利在我们的日常生活中至关重要，以至于我们在没有适当升值的情况下就很容易接受它们。然而，要使经济活动富有成效，我们不仅依赖于这些支付设施的存在，还依赖于能够在货币市场获得短期信贷的商业公司。By their very nature financial institutions attract criticism: bankers would not be doing their jobs if they did not turn down some requests for loans, and those who are denied funds sometimes feel hard done by and are vociferous in their complaints.翻译：从本质上讲，金融机构会招致批评：如果银行家不拒绝一些贷款请求，他们就不会做好自己的工作，而那些被拒绝提供资金的人有时会感到很难过，并大声抱怨。The control which financial institutions wield over very substantial sums of money also attracts the attention of governments, partly because they may see irresistible opportunities to secure cheap finance for favored borrowers (notably governments themselves), and partly in view of the economic power attached to control of finance.翻译：金融机构对巨额资金的控制也吸引了政府的注意，部分原因是他们可能看到了为受青睐的借款人（尤其是政府本身）获得廉价融资的不可抗拒的机会，部分原因也是由于金融控制所附带的经济权力。Moreover, while there is nothing to prevent savers and investors from dealing directly with each other if they wish, the existence of financial institutions makes direct contact unnecessary, since both groups can deal with the intermediating institutions.翻译：此外，虽然没有什么可以阻止储户和投资者在愿意的情况下直接相互交易，但金融机构的存在使直接接触变得没有必要，因为这两个群体都可以与中介机构打交道。Sharp expansions or contractions of activity in financial markets are often associated with booms and slumps in the economy at large, and the intimate connection between money, credit and economic stability compels countries to curb the expansion of credit in some periods and to stimulate it in others. Economic controls may also be required to guard against monopolistic structures or practices in the financial system.翻译：金融市场活动的急剧扩张或收缩往往与整个经济的繁荣和衰退有关，而货币、信贷和经济稳定之间的密切联系迫使各国在某些时期遏制信贷扩张，在另一些时期刺激信贷扩张。还可能需要进行经济控制，以防范金融系统中的垄断结构或做法。With PBC as the central bank, the current banking system in China consists mainly of wholly state-owned commercial banks, which coexist and cooperate with policy banks and joint-equity commercial banks operating in their respective authorized business domains.翻译：中国以中国人民银行为中央银行，目前的银行体系主要由国有独资商业银行组成，这些银行与在各自授权业务领域运营的政策性银行和合资商业银行共存合作。PBC is duly authorized to manage monetary base, control aggregate credit and adjust benchmark interest rates as well as issue currency.翻译：中国人民银行有权管理货币基础，控制信贷总量，调整基准利率和发行货币。Placing priority on both economic efficiency and social benefits, the policy banks operate in their designated areas and are not expected to compete with commercial banks. Their basic operational financial goal is to break even and only to make small profits when conditions allow.翻译：政策性银行将经济效率和社会效益放在首位，在其指定的地区运营，预计不会与商业银行竞争。他们的基本经营财务目标是收支平衡，只有在条件允许的情况下才能获得少量利润。The potential recipients of the State Development Bank’s credit are mainly those large projects that are designed to alleviate the bottlenecks in the economy, operate in the leading industries or extend the application of advanced technology as well as those inter-regional policy-based projects. 翻译：国家开发银行信贷的潜在接受者主要是那些旨在缓解经济瓶颈、在主导产业中运营或扩大先进技术应用的大型项目，以及那些基于区域间政策的项目。The Export-Import Bank of china provides export credit and related loans to encourage export of such goods as machinery, electronic products, and equipment for complete plants. Its services include export credit insurance and guarantee as well as those aimed at facilitating economic and technical cooperation.翻译：中国进出口银行提供出口信贷和相关贷款，以鼓励机械、电子产品和成套设备等货物的出口。其服务包括出口信用保险和担保以及旨在促进经济和技术合作的服务。That the Americans, “the people of plenty”, have had difficulty maintaining clear boundaries between politics and economics within their own society, not to mention in their attempt to impose their liberal ideology upon other societies, is not surprising.翻译：美国人，“富人”，很难在自己的社会中保持政治和经济之间的明确界限，更不用说他们试图将自己的自由主义意识形态强加给其他社会，这并不奇怪。Ideology involves falling in love with ideas that further a certain group’s or state’s concrete interests. Such action-oriented nests of ideas or worldviews serve to shore up the legitimacy of elites in power.翻译：意识形态包括痴迷那些促进某个群体或国家具体利益的想法。这种以行动为导向的思想或世界观巢穴有助于巩固当权精英的合法性。The pragmatic inpidualism and empiricism of AngloSaxon thought in general and of Adam Smith’s classical liberal doctrine of maximizing self-interest in particular served as preconditions of the birth of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.翻译：盎格鲁撒克逊思想的实用主义个人主义和经验主义，尤其是亚当·斯密关于最大化自身利益的古典自由主义，是英国工业革命诞生的先决条件。While conditions other than economic ideology are necessary for a sufficient explanation in answering these questions, contemporary historical developments suggest that inpidual self-interest and organizational efforts to optimize what already exists, which are the engines of motivation behind industrial capitalism, are ideas without which no adequate explanation is possible.翻译：虽然经济意识形态以外的条件对于回答这些问题的充分解释是必要的，但当代历史发展表明，个人私利和组织优化现有事物的努力是工业资本主义背后动机的引擎，如果没有这些想法，就不可能有充分的解释。As the logic of time seemed to speed up, the logic of space contracted with international communications, transportation, and financial flows.翻译：随着时间的逻辑似乎在加速，空间的逻辑随着国际通信、运输和资金流动而收缩。An agreed measure for stating the prices of goods and services is a unit of account. To get the most out of your budget, you have to figure out, among other things, whether seeing one more movie is worth the price you have to pay, not in dollars and cents, but in terms of the number of ice cream cones, sodas, and cups of coffee that you have to give up. (Last para., P102)翻译：一种商定的衡量商品和服务价格的方法是一种记账单位。 为了最大限度地利用你的预算，你必须弄清楚，再看一部电影是否值得你付出的代价，不是以美元和美分为单位，而是以你不得不放弃的冰淇淋筒、苏打水和咖啡的数量为单位。The occurrence of a double coincidence of wants is sufficiently rare that barter exchange would leave potential gains from specialization and exchange unrealized.翻译：需求的双重巧合非常罕见，以至于易货交换会使专业化和交换的潜在收益无法实现。二、中译英
过去，消费者借贷和支出的显著增长会使中央银行提高利率来抑制通货膨胀：In the past, a rapid rise in consumer borrowing and spending would cause a central bank to push up interest rates to curb inflation.发展中国家应该积极采用金融体系上的审慎监管来稳定其金融体系并减小其对外界危机的脆弱性:Developing countries should act unilaterally to adopt prudential regulations to stabilize their financial systems and to reduce their vulnerability to external shocks.防范跨境资本流动风险，保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上基本稳定，维护国际收支基本平衡，坚决守住不发生系统性金融风险底线，维护外汇市场稳定和国家经济金融安全。To prevent cross-border capital flow risks, maintain the basic stability of the RMB exchange rate at a reasonable and balanced level, maintain basic balance of international payments, firmly guard against systemic financial risks, and maintain the stability of the foreign exchange market and national economic and financial security.积极的财政政策的重要内涵之一就是要适度加大支出强度。适当提高财政赤字率、发行特别国债、增加专项债券规模等措施，将为经济发展注入强大动力。One of the important connotations of proactive fiscal policies is to moderately increase expenditure intensity. Measures such as properly raising the fiscal deficit ratio, issuing special treasury bond, and increasing the scale of special bonds will inject strong impetus into economic development.2022年上半年，我国经常账户顺差1664亿美元，同比增长43%，与国内生产总值比值为1.9%，仍处于合理均衡水平。In the first half of 2022, China's current account surplus will be US $166.4 billion, an increase of 43% year on year, and the ratio to GDP will be 1.9%, still at a reasonable and balanced level.温馨提示：注：内容来源均采集于互联网，不要轻信任何，后果自负，本站不承担任何责任。若本站收录的信息无意侵犯了贵司版权，请给我们来信，我们会及时处理和回复。
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